Early
settlers in the New World found themselves in a land quite
different from the Europe of their day. They depended, to
some extent, on imports from the Old World; but when supplies
were cut off due to war or other factors, they relied on
Native Americans for their daily as well as medical needs.
Increasingly, there emerged a small number of genuinely investigative
botanists and physicians who diligently studied American
flora and the medicinal uses of plants.

Many of these doctors lived for years among
the Native American tribes. Of these, Constantine Rafinesque
(1784-1841) was the most interesting to me; but there were
dozens of such practical and observant ethnobotanists, and
they left a rich legacy of writings for posterity.
Rafinesque coined the word "eclectic" to
refer to those physicians who adopted in practice whatever
was found to be beneficial to their patients. The Eclectic
Medical Institute was formed in the 1830s as an alternative
to the conventional medicine of the time. By the 1850s, several
American doctors, especially from the New York Academy of Medicine,
had begun using herbal salves. One man in particular, Dr. J.
Weldon Fell, attained considerable peer recognition for his
formula and method. Fell seemed to be the first to combine
zinc chloride, a familiar caustic used in Europe, with the
botanical cancer preparations of the Native Americans of the
Lake Superior region. His paste was peer-reviewed in England.
It is variations of this bloodroot paste that are most commonly
used today. Eclectic medicine is also still practiced, but
mainly by medical herbalists rather than physicians.